Proton-pump Inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that reduce stomach acid production by blocking the proton pump in the stomach lining. This pump is responsible for the final step in the production of gastric acid. PPIs are commonly used to treat conditions related to excessive stomach acid, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Uses of Proton-pump Inhibitors
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): PPIs reduce acid production, helping to alleviate symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation and heal damage to the esophagus caused by acid reflux.
Peptic Ulcers: PPIs promote healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers by reducing gastric acid secretion, which decreases irritation and promotes ulcer healing.
H. pylori Eradication: PPIs are used in combination with antibiotics to eradicate Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that contributes to ulcer formation.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: A condition characterized by excessive stomach acid production, treated with PPIs to control acid secretion.
NSAID-Induced Ulcers: PPIs are often prescribed to prevent or heal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Side Effects
Headache
Diarrhea or Constipation
Nausea and Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
Long-Term Risks:
Nutrient Deficiencies: Long-term use can lead to deficiencies in vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, and iron due to reduced acid levels affecting nutrient absorption.
Bone Fractures: Prolonged use may increase the risk of bone fractures, potentially due to decreased calcium absorption.
Kidney Disease: There is some evidence linking long-term PPI use with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease.
Clostridium difficile Infection: Reduced stomach acid can increase the risk of infections like Clostridium difficile in the intestines.
Rebound Acid Hypersecretion: Discontinuing PPIs abruptly may cause an increase in stomach acid production.
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Treatment of GERD, peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Also used in combination with antibiotics for H. pylori eradication.
Esomeprazole (Nexium)
Similar to omeprazole, used for GERD, peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is also used in combination with antibiotics for H. pylori eradication.
Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
Treats GERD, peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is also used in combination with antibiotics for H. pylori eradication.
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